THE ART OF PLAY
CHAPTER 1
By: Steven Van Breemen of Hilversum (Netherlands)
* translated by Dr. Henry Mock Samanez with permission *.
An introduction to a new scientific way to breed better pigeons. Joost de Jong wrote an article in the "Neerlands Posduiven Orgaan" in it, described in a concise my farming methods. This was after my victory in the Homeland Cha Teauraux in 1985 against 8.500 pigeons with my "De Goede Jarling." In response to this article, the magazine staff and I receive much correspondence regard. With pleasant surprise I received the offer of Jos Zeeuw (Editor NPO) to explain my methods of breeding in detail to the readers so I am more than happy to accept your proposal.
Before beginning, however, I would note that the pigeon sport is a pastime in which we try to find some relief from our daily worries and responsibilities, there is a set of precise rules that tell someone how to move forward in, no one should impose their views, however, if you want to become a champion you must give your hobby all you have. For this reason, you should learn as much as possible about the sport at every opportunity you have.
My intention is not to dictate a set of laws but rather to give you some basic guidelines. This knowledge was transmitted to me by Prof. Alfons Anker of Kaposvar, Hungary. It was he who introduced me to the work of his life: population genetics, and therefore is responsible for these items. It would be more honest if I put his name instead of mine on the authorship of these articles. A second point I want to discuss is about the terminology of the different features I've done, here I am grateful to Mr. Piet de Weer whose publications helped me understand the sequence of certain features.
is fair to conclude that theories Prof. Anker combined with the practical work of Piet de Weerd supplemented with my own observations are the basis of my breeding methods. To begin, define it POPULATION GENETICS. Population Genetics (GP) is a farming method which, through a rigorous selection rules associated with known about the transmission of certain genetic characteristics is obtained as a colony or bottom line improved both in quality and quantity .
Example: Assume that we are working with a constant population of 100 now and later (in our case we refer to the population of a pigeon). The next step we put an end goal would be to get as fast doves (pigeons could also be fat or red heads, etc..) After years of breeding and selection have discovered flight which are the best players and start to play until you reach your goal of 100 pigeons. If you've been careful at this point you should have more good pigeons in your group of 100 that the original group. In the past he had carefully considered the route to be taken to achieve success in my program and hagia actually had good results. It was then that I met and learned from Prof. Anker.
When circumstances forbade me to have my own pigeons I had to get rid of them, I decided that as soon have the opportunity to start again but with extensive planning. What I mean by that is a breeding program would agree to a strict concept, without allowing any or very few exceptions. Now I feel that that was what led me to success. Upon returning to Holland, was so sure that would be successful (half of Hungary reproduced their animals according to Prof. Anker teries) that with confidence transcribed my notes on some items. After the publication of the first article I received an enthusiastic review by the now deceased Arie Van Den Hoeck, author of "Big Pigeon Book. "The second article was probably too confident and I predicted that as soon as ready for the" cross.breeding "a" dove As "born of exceptional quality in my loft. Because I was not even competing with the results of my theories, a statement like this was widely criticized. As a result the remaining articles were never published which was unfortunate because even now receive regular correspondence from people who had success using the basic ideas of the first two articles. In addition, Over the years I played not one but several "Palomas As" which was in fact enough to be included in the record books Guinness World fancier.
Being able to support the theories of Professor Anker and my solid evidence, I am going to present an updated version of the play, take you back through the basic steps of the gp. Return to them again and again: we have a good understanding of basic principles. For most breeders, this means a certain persistence in reading this material arid although I tried to put it in ordinary language. It is impossible to further simplify, so we have to do a little effort, like it or no.Esta is the only way forward, people who raise chickens, rabbits, canaries or do and we as competitors have to do it too if we get to the top of our sport. We should not look at standards, but we will examine, one by one, the different characteristics that influence the flying skills of the pigeon. When our goal is to play champions animals, which are the distinctive features that should interest us most?
Group One (1) 1 .- Vitality. 2 .- Talent in a climate (or flight conditions). 3 .- Signs that reach way.
features in this group are influenced by a few genes. The intensity at which these genes are transmitted to offspring is low. These genes are the first to react adversely to inbreeding (in-breeding), but when crossed (cross-breeding) show definite signs of improvement. There is clear evidence of heterozygosity call this way of playing.
Group Two (II). 1 .- "Mordant" (character). 2 .- Intelligence. 3 .- 4 .- Talent speed at a distance. This group includes features that are influenced by the combined efforts of hundreds of genes. Characteristics, in this case are transmitted in an intermediary, which means that some of the characteristics of each parent contributes more or less equivalent in the offspring. Intermediate transmission is divided into the following generations for herself as in the case qualitative transmission, where for generations the quality of these characteristics is always the average of both parents have contributed. Example: (100 +90) / 2 = 95. When we put 95 to 100 the result is 97.5, these are just examples. Consanguinity (in-breeding) in this case does not lead to degeneration but, and this is even more important, the cross-breeding in this group takes effect straight. The consequences of this in the play are as follows: The features found in group one will be substantially improved by crosses with these features valuable specimens. This can be done temporarily to the pigeon carrying copies carry the features mentioned (for a cross-breeding). The features found in the second group does not generally improve the cross-breeding. Because the features in this group are transmitted intermediately the only way is a rigorous selection and well-planned matings. The more both parents possess these characteristics, the greater the number of offspring that inherit these. Important here is the old law: "THE BEST WITH THE BEST." There is something else I should mention: When we pair our birds is not enough to simply conclude that the dove is good and what is not. What we know is because certain animal is considered good and what are their strengths and weaknesses. Often the strength of a pigeon is not determined by their vitality (quality group 1), rather it lies in his intelligence and great character or "bite" (qualities of group 2). In this case we have this animal mating with another that is full of vitality. But this couple also must be comparable in intelligence and character. If this is not the case, end up with an improvement in vitality, but a loss of two more important features. What we have to do is evaluate all the different features and adapt your plans to play each time a feature spread looks exceptionally well. This is the theory. Now proceed with a more practical explanation: Consanguinity (in-breeding) with a specific purpose in mind.
CHAPTER 2.
The technique for constructing a pure line.
What exactly is the meaning of in-breeding (inbreeding)?. With inbreeding are stacked genes, good and bad, of those special birds that we are focusing our breeding program. The opportunities for youngsters to climb genes identical in increases as the intensity of inbreeding. The problem is that while one hand concentrate on the other we lose ground in the areas of vitality and ability to get into shape. Find yourself a pigeon can certainly inbred full of vitality. In this case it is necessary to say that this bird has a genotype (ie blood) less concentrated than they think. Moreover, could win many prizes. Regarding his descendants, however, find that many of its features are not transmitted as we would expect based on their pedigree.
Now, with the inbreeding done properly finish the end with a degenerative-looking bird, which lacks vitality and does not seem able to get into shape properly. Not much hope for this bird to get if any prize. But it is quite possible that their offspring win big when the bird crosses another line right (cross-breeding).
This is where the majority of breeders wrong way. They get rid of the pigeons that seem like less successful examples of inbreeding and are left with the most vital. The idea behind the cansanguinidad is to concentrate a few specific genes. By removing these animals is staying with farmers who have less concentration of these important genes that are supposedly Transmittion want the next generation. Remember, the focus genes are associated with a loss of vitality!.
What would then be the right system for to inbreeding (in-breeding)? I once read an article by John Lambretch in which mentioned that a remote system of in-breeding was the only way to do it. I disagree with this. Some time ago I was in my loft the best lines-lines Desmeth brothers Matthijs and De Baere. Before starting to play them I made sure that both lines were consistent. After that outlines a plan to breed the best. Was used to having success with this type of in-breeding remote. In the next generation, however, noticed that slowly but surely being lost to reproduce material quality and quantity of good flying. When I realized This was my next question: And now I go?
In 1974, I stayed in the case of Prof. Anker for some time. After I gave talks about his life's work: the population genetics, I became obsessed with the topic. With him expoloramos everything that could be used for breeding. As was already convinced that since it was possible to play good flying and good players following a pre-established pattern, we proceeded to create a theoretical concept, and planning matings. Since then I have raised according to the scheme and I have hardly deviated from it. In those years
Prof. Anker had come to the conclusion that what he was concerned there was no better player "KLAREN 46", our plan was put on as a guide.
"Klaren 46" mating with different females transmit very well and their offspring proved to be able to do the same. During those same years I owned several grandchildren of the "Klaren 46" and tried to get as many of them in my breeding program in order to maintain a large variety of genes in my flock. What were the grandchildren that I chose? The following table (I) shows the percentage of genes "Klaren 46":
couple "Klaren 46" female X. Gives the following children: 50% "Klaren 46" and 50% X. Grandchildren: a. - Races and breeds reasonably: 10-15% b. - Races and breeds well: 25% c. - Races and breeds excellent: 30-50%
I advise memorize the table I. Clearly shows the reduction that you get when cromozomas are divided. Naturally, the grandchildren of subsection "c" are best suited to continue playing. They clearly show signs of its value and have inherited the largest percentage of genes "Klaren 46." Table II shows the mating pattern of the grandchildren of the "Klaren 46." Parents: 5 grandchildren "Klaren 46": A, B, C, D AND E. Crosses: AxB and CXD. E grandson is not yet used. First generation of the pair AxB: Offspring # 1,2,3,4. CXD pair first generation: Offspring # 5,6,7,8. Then combined the offspring of both mating (AxB and CXD): Second generation: 9 X grandson E.
emepzó My breeding program with 5 grandchildren, all with a history of "Klaren 46" as the single common ancestor. The second generation is a pairing between the third great-grandchildren and one great-grandson to grandson E. The in-breeding of "Klaren 46" has already been completed for the third generation. As we can see, the inbreeding is intense. This is even more true of Desmet-Matthijs line as it is a line in itself and quite inbred. So what about the dreaded problem of the degeneration? When working according to a concentrated pattern of consanguinity, as I did for many years, logically one would expect to find signs of degeneration. But so far everything has gone well, indeed, the opposite seems true: the eyes improved in color and had more pigmentation with small eyes like needles. There was no detectable change in the quality of the muscle while the appearance also remained the same: large males and females being thin. No sign of degeneration observed ningín. The lambs were breeding as best as I focused more on "Klaren 46" was also nice to note that while the pigeons were flying well. To understand better the reproductive scheme I posted some names in a pedigree. Marked with * are direct children of "klaren46." Marked with + are the grandchildren of the "Klaren 46."
"Belsen 76" was blown up and won the 4th place in the national rate. His son "Boerke 78" even played in 1997 5 gorgeous chicks. Then, as we speak of degeneration?
However, not to say that my experience is the last word. It is important when practicing consanguinity be aware of the following: 1 .-
inbreeding (in-breeding) certain features, such as vitality, strength and ability to get into shape, slowly deteriorating, the reason for this is that as only a few genes are involved in the transmission of these characteristics are by therefore the first to go. It is possible to counteract this by cross-breeding (crossing open) if we have the appropriate pigeon. We actually have very positive results with this. 2 .- There are other important characteristics which are essential in our athletes and are positively infuelciadas by the in-breeding. The cross-breeding but not improvement. In turn, these characteristics are determined by hundreds of genes that are intermediate trasnmitidos way, which means that the final product is half the sum of what both parents contribute. It then becomes clear that the only route to take involves a rigorous selection along with a good plan matings.
not forget the main reasons of inbreeding in the first place we are looking for a dove valuable genes extraordinary second try to get a large concentration of a certain pedigree.
When we focus on our outline of a dove reproduction in particular, as the concentration increases we expect results like:
1 .- Many more birds in these pedigrees are carrying genes of a special pigeon in which we focus.
2 .- The power of transmission of these birds found across this breeding program increases in value if the common ancestor was indeed very special.
3 .- These birds will go slowly losing in appearance. At the same time be less successful as flying, even more difficult skills to put physical demands on their bodies.
Conclusion: While lost in bodily strength, earning as reproductoras.Las inbred pigeons are very good for breeding (the first generation can be crossed successfully) but they are very good as flying, especially in the category of difficult skills.
This seems to be the rule, now what?
CHAPTER 3.
The most important characteristics related to in-breeding and cross-breeding.
Features have an influence on the performance of our pigeons are transmitted according to what is called: population genetics.
These features can be divided into two groups: GROUP ONE .-
features that react positively to cross-breeding. These features react negatively and produce a degenerative effect on the pigeons that result when a system of intense in-breeding is used.
These features are: vitality, ability to get into shape, resilience, disease resistance, etc. GROUP TWO .-
These are features called "additive." In contrast to Group one in this group selection is of utmost importance. The result of cross-breeding does not have a degenerative effect on them.
The characteristics of this group are: intelligence, biting / character, speed and talent at a distance.
In group two, find the most important features.
What is the conclusion of what you just mentioned? Inbreeding, caused a concentration on the characteristics of Group Two in my birds. This is possible because hundreds of genes are responsible for the production of these characteristics: the cross-breeding resulted in no improvement while the in-breeding hardly showed signs a degenerative effect. Group One features are influenced by only a few genes, these features are enhanced by cross-breeding, while the inbreeding has a degenerative definitely.
There is only one way to improve the competitive position of a flock: cross-breeding!. What will the pigeons
inbred in our loft that will be used for cross-breeding?
As previously explained in previous articles, when paired, we face a reduction division of chromosomes. A Dove everyone has 40 pairs, ie 80 chromosomes. The sperm and egg each have 40 chromosomes, half of each parent are either half of the hereditary characteristics from each parent are either sperm or egg. This cell division (reduction division) is random, as the result of a lottery. It is quite possible for example, that a sperm contains 10 chromosomes from the father and 30 mothers in the pigeon that is producing, if so, then the descendants of the sperm would have more chromosomes of grandmother's grandfather on the paternal side and thus look more like the grandfather grandmother! Another sperm coming from the same pigeon may have a distribution of 20 chromosomes with 20 maternal or paternal 13.27, or 15 and 25, etc. The 40 pairs of chromosomes are selected randomly during the process of reduction division and become only 40 chromosomes which occur fertilization to meet with the other 40 chromosomes, only the couple to form 40 pairs of chromosomes again.
Since each bird is created from a sperm and an egg different between siblings.
Sub-conclusion: the inbreeding we are concentrating on a certain set of genes. As a result, the inbreeding is more likely that we raise pigeons pigeon genes in our base (in our original example: the "Klaren 46") that we would obtain the cross-breeding. In our everyday language is deliberate concentration of genes is called with often a "degenerative effect." Pigeons with these characteristics are more fine in appearance, the muscular structure development takes longer, have less physical strength and are difficult to fit. But these birds are going to select our players. Select
When there are 2 important factors we look for: - the muscles must be generous and flexible.
- the eyes should be bright colors with small pupils.
If your brothers and sisters have more vitality may be used to compete.
What are the different lines we cross,? It is well known that certain pedigrees (certain lines) cross well, others not. To increase our chance of success is very important that we make a study of various lofts focusing on how the family was created in the studio and its ability to transmit their characteristics. Once this is done we have 2 options:
The first is to cross directly with another family. We have good chances of success in this way because both families are genetically distant. The second option, but the genetic distance increased by further in-breeding of both families before crossing. It is more difficult to use the first option and that to succeed you need to buy an excellent dove and not all are in position to do so. By contrast, get this champion inbred products (such as mother and son or uncle / niece) can be a little easier and the chances for success does not diminish because the genes are concentrated.
As I? For cross-breeding pigeons chose some of which in the past had tried to cross well with pigeons Mattijs Desmeth line. In these pigeons chose some individual characteristics considered important in improving my animals. Also, I made sure that the dove had chosen talent to compete at various distances. In this way, would be able to develop in my lines the ability to compete successfully from 100 to 500 miles. Of I chose my own loft a pigeon obtained by in-breeding system described in the previous article. The cross with the dove of the other selected line which should also preferably be inbred. The children are tested in competition. After a few years will select the best flying of this couple and pigeons aparearé with my original online. Thus it is possible to add new features (eg. Speed) to my own family of pigeons.
This playing around with the original family is also in-breeding and the specimens obtained are ready to mate again. After that, we can begin the same process back with another completely different line or family. When, in this way we have integrated different lines of our family, we have improved our birds in different areas.
is possible to plan years ahead to know exactly when inbred, crossing or crossing something new. It really is not that difficult. All you have to do is reapply the basic reproduction scheme presented above.
Lately, I've often read about how some breeders categorize all under the title of "good" and that while it appears "good" with "good" will be on the road to success. I wish it were that easy. It is not often the case that a super-flyer, even if it was paired couples as good or better than him in physical characteristics play never reaches very valuable specimens. Thus we see that always "good" with "good" does not always work. We can only apply this rule when we evaluated about the capabilities of our best birds.
Important features to be transmitted are: Mordant, intelligence and speed.
vitality, strength and ability to get into shape are other important characteristics necessary for a pigeon can compete well. Professor Anker
divided them into 2 groups. I've mentioned the frequency and still be subdivided or other features may be added. For convenience I have listed in a table (Table 1.1). Professor Anker
proved his theory were correct experimenting with them in pigeons, pigs, sheep and horses.
But how we apply this theory to our everyday lives as breeders of racing pigeons? First we have to do a study of the most important features and familiar with them. Do not be swayed by the smarty breeders that abound in our environment.
In the following articles we will discuss at length each. Using this knowledge I could play many high quality animals. The most famous is probably the NL77-990 312 which, for 3 consecutive years was considered among the four As best birds at close range at the national level in the Netherlands. Prof. Anker tested his theories in their own land. I really served in the Netherlands. Les deceo you the best success with their studies, without which it can improve in this sport.
following graph: Mordant or character: The most important feature.
plumage dominant / recessive. LAWS OF MENDEL
INTERMEDIARY NUMBER OF LAWS OF MENDEL FEATHERS SIZE
LAWS OF MENDEL
INTERMEDIARY INTERMEDIATE WEIGHT LAWS OF MENDEL
TAIL WIDTH DOMINANT / RECESSIVE LAWS OF MENDEL
INTERMEDIATE LONG NECK LAWS OF MENDEL
pigmentation DOMINANT EYE LAWS OF MENDEL
INTERMEDIARY NUMBER OF LAWS OF MENDEL MUSCLE
QUALITY OF MUSCLE GROUP 2 X GOOD LONG WING
good INTERMEDIARY LAW AFTER MENDEL ALA
short break
VENTILATION LAWS OF MENDEL'S LAWS OF MENDEL INTERMEDIARY ALA
VITALITY GROUP 1 CROSS .*
GOOD GROUP 2 X MORDANTS good
INTO FORM GROUP 1 .*
CROSS STAY IN SHAPE CROSS GROUP 1 .*
FACTORS OF REGENERATION GROUP 2 x good
GOOD INTELLIGENCE GROUP 2 X GOOD good
GROUP 2 GOOD SPEED
good
X TALENT FOR SOME GOOD DISTANCE X GROUP 2 MATURITY good
TEMPARANA / LATE GROUP 2 X GOOD
good
CHAPTER 4
mordant or CHARACTER.
The most important feature.
In this article we will deal about the character of the dove and review some of the features which have a definite influence.
is very important to have character and a dove is my personal opinion that a dove with character is able to better communicate its qualities to the next generation. Has convinced me even more than that after carefully studying several successful pigeon.
The two most important features is a dove are the character or "bite" and the intelligence or cunning. " Together determine the quality of a pigeon. All other features only enhance or suppress their development. never have enough character pigeons in your loft. This trait is transmitted interrnediaria, which means we have to pair the birds with more character. In this way we will make sure to preserve this feature. When entering new lines to play with your birds you should ensure that these new birds to exceed yours in this quality. Let me cite
Piet de Weerd, who wrote the following about the bite, "the secret a class lead in his passion, his stubbornness and vitality. What could be the reason for a perfectly dove seine not come home in time to be in the first place? Most likely the lack of desire. the lack of stubbornness and biting enough to blow the limit of his strength back so as soon as possible. Craenme, that of all the ingredients that a lead should have, the character is the most important of all. Class A dove can be compared to a battery, full of electricity. With this power you can turn to a frozen motor. And anyone who is able to reproduce these features pigeons are always one step ahead of their competitors. "
These are the words of Piet de Weerd, the man who taught me how to evaluate pigeons. Although he and I do not always agree, the previous argument, so well expressed, as back stresses known about what is essential in the field of play of our animals. I will try to further explain in detail what is this special quality.
A pigeon stands on the lead character. Try to take the peak. Not accept it. He will try with all their might to pull away, many of my players will do this when trying to open up the peak or hold them. You sure that those with a thoroughbred can be measured by determining the lead for free. Do not confuse with the pigeons that try to liberate themselves from fear. These real fighters have no fear, your character will demand they try to escape.
My "411" was that kind of dove. It was virtually impossible to hold it and if you tried in a short time off only with a handful of feathers in his hand. By the time he realized that he was free to turn, remained in the palm of my hand for a few seconds more. For me this was his way of saying he was not afraid. Manifest is as if he did not like what I had in my hands all the time. With doves and this must be very observant!
I am convinced that pigeons class are distinguished from others by their strong personalities. They care only about their business inside and outside the pigeon and in competitions.
Look at the descendants of the "411." For 25 consecutive years have been the best in an area where amateurs compete 3500. Specifically, you have mastered the skills of a day during the past 10 years. In these difficult skills I have become semi-national champion (NABvP) against 20,000 fans and 7 series of races in 1993, 1994 and 1996.
No breeder has been 2 times NABvP \u200b\u200bchampion in the 100 years that this organization has in the Netherlands. I need to mention something else?
generations descended from my foundation bitch, a Janssen: the "Of 08 Duif" are as vital as ever. It is important that once you have that quality in your hands do not let them escape ever.
From time to time I have in my loft that visitors immediately notice how many "fighters" I have in my players and I wonder if I select that. Some mention that they do not like this type of pigeon. Everyone
taste, as I'm concerned, especially among my players, this fighting spirit is required. The more biting or fighting spirit has a dove, better compete in flights. Is more. I think there is a relationship between this feature and speed. On the other hand, it is my view that this type of pigeon will not be able to achieve excellent results in the competitions that last longer than a day. Simply do not have enough patience to withstand it. His determination to return to be that often exceeds their physical strength. Sometimes land a few miles of the loft that you just do not want that road one day will all be able to compete and be always on the top.
Most of the time this character trait is passed from father to son. At the same time, parents usually do not have this quality will not be able to transmit to their children. When I have 2 doves, very similar in quality, if you give me the option, choose the fighter. It is the view that Pier de Weerd fighting is more plugged into a super vitality in the pigeon. This is one of the occasions on which I differ in opinion with the "great teacher."
In my opinion, pigeons at the time that the subject will show the mold from which they are made not by their vitality, they do it by nature or biting. This feature is transmitted d emanera different (see Table 1.1 in the previous article). I think that a pigeon may have much character but lack of stamina to win races while another may have a lot of vitality, but no character with which their results will be even worse.
Pigeons most famous and surely you know them by their names are animals whose character has always been outstanding. The same applies to racehorses, it is generally difficult to get close to one of these animals (perhaps allow his coach est) and such animals can never be fully tamed, I can not speak of experience with greyhounds, but I also sure they must be important.
Character traits are most important to convey qualities.
even think that the character is able to do all the other features to work to full capacity sometimes overcoming their own limitations and that is the reason why the character for me is the most important of all qualities.
CHAPTER 5
INTELLIGENCE.
In this part of our series on farming techniques I discuss two very important features that are linked to the character, intelligence and speed.
A breeder is to determine the degree of intelligence into a dove by observing their behavior in the pigeon and the look in his eyes. The cleverness and ingenuity with which a pigeon is able to find for itself the way back home or the manner in which they can adapt or anticipate climate changes during the return trip is a sign of intelligence. When you see a dove in front and not see only the nose but rather the entire face (this is also referred to as "owl face") then one can almost always ensure you are viewing a smart dove. Take some time to learn to see it but soon you will say much about your pigeons only see his eyes and face.
geneticist Professor Alfons Anker once wrote an entire article about this item. In condensed form this is what he said: "if you put a 10-class pigeons flock of pigeons with a regular and put all their heads out through a hole in the wall is very likely that you can choose just the 10 extra see! Jan Aerts remember thinking that this was exaggerated. However, there is much history and believe in it.
There's something about the facial expression of a dove extraordinary is almost inexplicable, is a definitive mark of character, his eyes sparkle with intelligence, with a fighting spirit, experience, mordant. It is almost impossible to try to explain these differences in expression. Each class dove represents their unique and individual characteristics. A dove, the intelligence is manifested in the way of finding the shortest way home. In other predominates the will, the desire to get spending down to the last of its forces back to the loft. What I try to explain here is that each pigeon excellent is "a class in itself", is a different from others. Continuing
with this line of thought believe that a high degree of intelligence and a lot of perseverance are needed to make a dove on average a remarkable animal. Other qualities such as muscles, wing, body, only serve to promote the development of excellence.
This last statement is important. The vitality can be discovered by close observation. The quality of the muscles can be determined by careful palpation. The bite and intelligence of the muscles can be determined by the facial expression of the dove or their achievements. be able to read the facial expression of a dove is not something that can be taught, but there are many textbooks on the subject: the best doves in your area. When you visit the lofts of success in your region, observes his birds and compare with yours. After a while you'll have no problem identification.
SPEED.
This quality comes in a wide variety of ways: from the pigeon super fast left behind the flock to the slower but consistently winning awards. This quality also is transmitted intermediary. The dove is a line type Janssen famous for its excellent speed. This quality has been firmly rooted in the Janssen by blood and qualitative intermediate inheritance. When a pigeon crosses such children are always so quick or more parents. Much evidence on this can be found in the literature pigeon. When you cross 2 types slow pigeons pigeons get great vitality or ability to get into shape but will never be faster than their parents. In case we need to add speed to our flock have to get birds that are more rapid than ours. Do not forget, however, that the rate is influenced by other factors such as the shape of the wings and body of the dove. But all these factors without speed are simply not enough to win. Talent
distance. This is a quality (almost forgot to mention it though it certainly belongs in this chapter) that is representative of the group again two (See previous articles) and that in many ways is tied to the quality of muscles. The talent for a certain distance is a quality that is transmitted and inbreeding intermediary (in-breeding) have no influence on it.
The following article talks about the muscles of the pigeon. The muscles will tell the extent to which the pigeon is able to fly which makes a very interesting quality.
Chapter 6. Muscle
This chapter in our series on propagation techniques
is about the muscles of the pigeon. The quality of muscles in a pigeon
is extremely important, especially when you want to succeed in competitions
background. This, of course, does not mean excellent
chest will turn a champion pigeon automatically.
On the other hand, when this quality is absent, have a suppressive effect on body
other qualities. A breeder should be well trained to interpret
the quality of the muscles of his pigeons by touch and in doing so should also be able
determine the degree of competitive strength of the pigeon examined. In addition, you will ensure that
far can easily
the bird. It is even possible accurately predict the distance
with an error range of about 125 miles. Of course, it takes a lot of time
be able to assess all these qualities. The more spirit and vitality
control the pigeon has a greater need strong muscles and strong
be needed to enhance these qualities.
If a pigeon muscle quality is just enough for a competitive
250 miles, then you can confidently send up to 220 miles
. However, if any class of a dove, with great
character, this animal will make an extra effort whenever
could lead to competitive flying 300 miles. What are the consequences of this
extra effort in the dove? An early wear! So much sense
not put too much pressure on our pigeons. By limiting this hypothetical animal
within the 220 mfflas, we give opportunity to use that reserve power
the likely event that had to face against
winds or high temperatures. Everyone knows that in a race of 300 miles with winds
for, a pigeon uses less energy
we say in a race of 220 miles with headwinds.
must consider all these factors before each competition.
pennanecer's ability in the air for many hours increases with the elasticity and plasticity
muscles. To start
say that the muscles are a collection of fine fibers which can be studied easily with the use
microscope. Many fibrils together to fonn
a fiber. In a cross-sectional diameter does not exceed its more than a few microns.
from fifty to 100 fibers together to fonn a muscle bundle which is
covered by connective tissue. Finahnente-the muscle itself consists of several bundles of fibers
together. Lowest to highest
muscle can categorize as: fibril, muscle fiber, muscle bundle, muscle.
The exact number of muscle fibers is determined by the academic
huevo.A level there is still controversy about the following the number of fonn Is
same after birth? From what I know, until now, there is a satisfactory response
although it seems likely that
acceptable answer is that there is no increase in the number of fibers
after birth. Providing adequate food for our birds will not be
larger muscles, ie adequate food
optimize the quality of muscle in terms of yield but not influence the number
existing muscle fibers as these would default
genetically by genotype.
All this is important to understand that the muscles of our pigeons,
which play an important role in their performance can not be altered in the course of his life
. When some farmers, before a show,
feed their pigeons with special diets, the look "muscular" that
obtained from the extra fat that is added to their bodies.
extra muscles were obtained in pigeons playing, not feeding.
may be of some importance to mention here that with an increase in long bone
muscles do not become shorter but rather become more
thick. Therefore, although it seems that these birds have more muscles
not true. Both types of birds have exactly the same amount of
muscle.
As we all know, the most important group of muscles (to fly) are
pectorals which are embedded in the keel.
curvature of this bone can be flat and in this case seems less
Dove "depth." However, when the curvature of the bone is wide
(deep), then to take the bird in his hands it seems to have more volume
. The pigeons that are not "deep" (flat seams) give the impression
have a generous contribution of muscles, while those
if you are (curved fins) seem to be thinner, with less muscle.
In fact, the amount of muscle in two pigeons are the same. The
difference is that in a type of pigeon muscle grows along
while in the other the muscle grows wide, all this according to the length of
bone.
seems that there are more doves "deep" circulating and these have as much muscle as
other type. The amount of muscle fibers can not be increased by feeding
or training. In this sense what the training
achieved is an increase in the muscles volune
existing from birth, not an increase in their number.
Anyone who has ever considered a dove (by necropsy)
know that the chest has 2 muscles. Which is more superficial and completely surrounds
the chest is the pectoralis major. Which is
underlying pectoralis minor. When a pigeon is flying, the pectoralis minor raises
then the wings while the lower pectoralis major
achieving in this way that the dove fly.
is possible to compare this movement with the stroke of a swimmer.
need less strength and energy to stretch the arms that determines the frequency
that we need to collect in the water with which to achieve that
the advanced swimmers. The flight consists of rhythmic movimentos where the pectoralis minor
dictates the speed of movement while the pectoralis major
retracts the wings. Some researchers report that a pigeon flaps its wings
during the flight about 300 times per minute. In a contest of 360 miles
this counts for about 180.000 flapping! Mention this issue, in my opinion
put enough emphasis on the importance of the quality of muscles.
When the pectoralis minor is active (by extending the wings forward) the pectoral
rest, during which time the inactive muscle
making fresh oxygen circulation. After this, the pectoralis major works while the child
rest and refueling of oxygen and energy and so forth
. Fuel pigeons fat and glycogen use.
From a biological standpoint, the difference between muscles generous
flexible and tough compared to mass lies in the number of blood vessels which
in the first case are more present. The
advantage of this is that a better circulation
is more likely to administer oxygen and nutrients to these muscles. In these cases, the reserve
is greater, the ability to store glycogen is higher and enerpa
consumption is lower.
This is easy to explain, because changing the rhythm and activity of both pectoral muscles
one of them is always at rest. This saves a lot of energy
that in a competition of 300 or 400 miles
can become a decisive factor. Never spend too much time on improving quality of
muscles. The quality of the muscles is transmitted so generically
intermediary, which means that the pigeon inherit half of
combined qualities of both parents.
always be taken into account in relation to the muscles, there is no ideal example
about how they should or should not be, a dove thin, flexible
with muscles is capable of having a dove with an impressive musculature
but rigid. The decisive factor is not the quantity but the quality
. Under the pressure of our fingers, the muscles must give the impression
flexibility. When we move a bit our fingers, muscles imnediato
should return to its position original giving the impression of a
superelasticity, never lax or resistance. The best thing is to discover not only
a compact mass of flesh under the skin but also the muscles separate
within themselves in different groups can continue to
our fingers.
Fingers? Ufias ever with long or with brute force. If we consider a dove
with our fingers, we put all our focus on
ello.No hear otherwise, we do not see anything else, just mentally and we left our fingers
feel. Otherwise you can not find anything under the skin
and will not be able to distinguish any difference.
We hold a dove in a relaxed manner.
a pigeon squashed by our hand will not be able to show the quality of the muscle. Nor will a pigeon
improperly fastened. When you stop to slide forward
dove in his hand so that you can attach to the back
must realize that this position requires more
fmneza hold the bird to compensate for the change in the balance of weight
leans forward.
addition, it should put pressure on the end of the keel and thus can not be pigeon
escapar.Uno should always hold the pigeon
so she feels a kind of love around you, sign you can not escape but
affection for the animal relax. Only under these conditions
possible to estimate the quality of the muscle. Never torture your
pigeons, on the contrary make them feel that are important to you. Once attached
our animal properly proceed to slide
our fingers along the pectoral starting more
portion above. At this point the circle is greater and we can find different hazes
muscle which together form the pectoralis major.
our fingers glide over them, applying discreet pressure tested
while its flexibility and elasticity. Carefully feel the
that is below them, we can find a voltage or a fine fibrillation
or feeling as if the muscles were full of air. Not a good sign when our fingers
can not tell anything that is below the skin
. For example, compare a champion pigeon with another of poor
muscles. Do it ten times alternately and
will learn to feel the difference.
aiíosl THROUGH I noticed that the females always have better quality
of muscles than males. For this reason, a male who has excellent muscle
doubles its value in this regard. In most
distance races that are hard and often difficult to win females to males,
a fact that my opinion has to do with the best quality of
muscular females. They can just keep flying. The elasticity of your muscles is
capable of withstanding the extra load. Chapter 7
EYE MIRROR OF THE SOUL.
The most interesting part of the face of a pigeon's eye. From the moment you started to breed pigeons much has been said and written about in the pigeon eye. And opinions have varied significantly, often quarrel. Although there are many views about the world. We find in our country and each national or foreign magazine.
Some authors argue that everything that can be read in the eye of a dove is his physical condition. Others (mostly British) declare that travez pigeon eye can see the most amazing things. In this article I will mention those factors that are most essential to judge an eye. My knowledge comes from studying the international literature as well as 20 years of intensive and personal observations gathered during my career as a fancier who I think are fairly accurate.
When one evaluates the eye of the pigeon are of importance: the size of the pupil, the richness of color, the surface of the iris and pigmentation, the general expression in the eye and the "Ring of Vermeyen."
The pupil size is related to the nervous system and fighting spirit (N. of. T: willpower in the original) of the pigeon. Attention to these birds that have large pupils. An increase in pupil size means a loss of ability to finish that pigeon racing hard, non-stop race in which demands a lot of birds. These pigeons are missing "fighting spirit" without which they can not accomplish much. During the time I have raised pigeons have never seen a champion with large pupils. For short distances the pupil size is not as important because the pigeons are not forced to use up the last reserves of strength left in their bodies. Piet
de Weerd once made the following accurate observation: "We are not small pupils on their own, we are interested in factors that do so because these factors are closely related to the animal's fighting spirit."
I never held a dove in my hand carefully watch their eyes. This long experience has taught me to be wary of the pigeons whose pupils react quickly to changing light. I'm looking for pigeons whose eyes even in the half are smaller than those of other birds. I do not agree with the general opinion that pigeons are those whose quality significantly pupils react to light or darkness. On the other hand, those birds whose eyes do not change under any alteration in the intensity of light are absolutely useless for me both for breeding and for competition. I will not go so far as to say that there is no exception but it may be possible to say in an index from 1 to 500 and a bet so the truth is something I would not recommend.
race after race, the pigeons no expression in the eyes disappear until finally, in the longer races are only those birds with richly colored eyes, clean. Also, when visiting an exhibition or auction find common eye speed pigeons but never between the Champions and Aces!
When I asked some big names Sports about his views on the eye, people like Jan Aerts, Piet de Weerd and John Lambrechts the answer was always that they liked a strong color of the eye. This is also what I think because it coincides with my years of research on the topic.
When judging the quality of a dove through the eye, the next important feature is the color of the iris. The iris is the colored ring between the pupil and cornea. Sometimes you can identify a thin black ring separating the iris from the cornea. This ring is named in honor of Luis Vermeyen Vermeyen, is very evident in the young. It has never been sufficiently tested whether pale or intense is good or bad. But I never changed my mind: I prefer an eye-rich, intensely colored. Eye color and richness depends on the pigmentation. Of course, I'm not saying that everything depends on the color of the eye but a good color is a positive sign.
German author W. Scheer writes: "It is always of considerable interest to observe the pigeons in the baskets. In the first race one finds all kinds of eyes. But slowly, as the birds become more difficult the less colored eyes start to disappear. For years I have taken every opportunity to examine the best birds and concluded that contrary to what others say or write, the quality pigeons have eyes always exceptionally rich in color. Whether in the iris different colors are divided or not. Nor is it important or desirable that the eyes are presented in regular rings. The iris can show all the color variations possible as long as the colors are intense, deep, starting from the innermost part of the circumference to the outer. What I really like intense colors are intermingled as if they had been painted by an artist.
pigeons with white eyes and unpigmented parts are as valuable as those with yellow or brown eyes. Then there are those who have eyes pigeons with little or no pigment. Seem to be completely black. Ojos asi were found in the famous "Jonge Stier", a dove André Van Bruane was legend in no time. As mentioned previously, eye color is the pigmentation. Having abundant pigment is a nice feature. I prefer that the pigeons are intense and deeply colored eyes. Beyond
eye color, a more valuable tool for judging the performance potential of a dove is the blood flow to the eye. The first to do research about it was Dorn and Cohrs. Through an analysis of the tissues, they concluded that small granules of pigment layered over a thin supporting tissue form the outer surface of the iris. A countless number of capillaries are microscopic between them and usually tend to accumulate in the outer portion of the iris. These blood capillaries sometimes grouped in different parts of the surface of the iris and explain the existence of the granular surface is observed in the iris with a magnifying glass. Even when you inspect a dove under sunlight and note the peak at the sun, it is possible to detect this phenomenon directly without a magnifying glass. The rougher surface of the iris appears, more capillaries are present which in turn indirectly can be translated as a dove with better blood circulation.
The granulation of the surface of the iris should be of uniform thickness, starting from the inner part around the pupil to the outer limit.
For years, I noticed that this is the case in most of my own cracks and have detected the same in other lofts favorites. I can say without doubt that at least 80% of all pigeons have eyes saw aces completely granules, while no more than 20% of very good pigeons have eyes with a less granular surface.
I feel urged to add a warning note on the previous paragraph: In the sport of racing pigeons never find absolute truths.
A Dove never will become a first-class animal but his eyes are fabulous if this is their only virtue. Neither will make only with a special wing, great value or will, or some exceptional muscle. By contrast, an average pigeon can achieve better results if you have all this and more at an acceptable level.
You can use certain percentages as a benchmark to determine the importance of certain characteristics. These percentages are based on the frequency with which such property is found in first class pigeons. Find a fine-grained iris in 80% of pigeons extraordinary then it means that this factor is an important finding in the list of "characteristics of achievement (Achievement Characteristics), the other extra attributes may be also present without this factor but the probability of so be it is 20%.
While pigeons are selected, a breeder prefers realistic sure to have something that offers 4 times more likely to obtain successful animal. Only in exceptional cases rely on other features that are less promising. The simplest reason is that there simply is not enough space in the loft.
When considering the size of the pupils, if you have large pupils pigeons I give them 1 / 2 to 1% chance of success. Also, eyes without color or without sufficient granulation do not give more than a 20% chance of success.
We are always limited by the amount of space in our loft which means that not all birds may stay, then that better decisions to leave those that have a positive effect on the ability to compete successfully.
addition to the granular surface of the iris, the color red in the eye is another indicator of a large blood supply to the eye. The red eye color is not caused by pigments, but rather comes from the tiny capillaries that supply the iris and give this coloration.
The amount of irrigation of the eye, which can be measured indirectly by observing the granulation and the red eye color is extremely important because it gives a clear indication of how blood flow in the body. When is excellent in the eye is unlikely to be deficient in other parts of the body. One
the basic elements to succeed is a dove vitality. Vitality in a pigeon somehow equates to a dove-shaped. The pigeons will be very lively at any time, year after year, day after day, competition after competition as a good pigeon in his best day. To achieve these results in vitality and in general the condition of the dove is needed blood supply consistently higher than the average dove. Many pigeons
poorly colored eyes are among one of the most famous lines in the world, Janssen. This is possible because these birds are generally used for races ranging from 100 to 200 miles. Important factors in these pigeons are speed, the spirit of struggle or bite and intelligence. Since these races usually last no more than a couple of hours, the resistance generated by an excellent blood supply is not necessary.
Something we have not discussed is the so-called ring correlation (a sign of the eye) which is a colorless circle, complete or incomplete, located directly between the pupil and iris. In the past, as well as in the present, there are breeders who consider the size and shape of this circle as being of utmost importance.
These same farmers are able to get the most fantastic conclusions of this famous circle. At the same time, there are many who do not give any importance. There is a general consensus among breeders The Netherlands and Belgium on a ring of full correlation is better to play that to compete and is highly recommended that one copy of playback has this feature.
For over 25 years we have maintained records of all important findings in my birds. I have a list of all my birds with rings of complete correlation. He maintained a complete correlation of all these birds in breeding and competition and have come to the conclusion that many of my best breeding and flying pigeons have a complete ring. However, among the best there are also many that show a partial ring or do not. Among those with complete circle there are excellent fliers but less convincing breeding. And there are also those that were completely useless. From all this I concluded that RING CORRELATION IS NOT IMPORTANT TO FLY OR PLAY.
And it makes sense! Because as we might expect that something as important as the ability to succeed which in turn depends on many factors could make a thing so small and insignificant as a circle? Maybe this is a kind of consolation for those farmers who have limited knowledge about how to convey the really important characteristics and need a guide, a sign that makes them believe they are good animals.
Chapter 8
The skeleton and feathers.
skeleton. The formation of the skeleton is an area which in the past has paid much attention. Select according to the skeleton means a negative decision in relation to speed. Either way, a large group of breeders who have faith in this type of selection, arguing that difficult to fly a pigeon racing needs a strong bone structure and pelvic bones tightly closed. This is not a fact. Palomas
with thick bones, so abundant that you have to cut off their rings when they get older are doves identification of the 30s: Pigeons suffer, but slow. The existing competencies required pigeons with a much finer bone structure than previous generations. It is incorrect to simply assume that there is an intimate relationship between a pigeon finely formed and its ability to compete well. At the same time, you're wrong if you think a pigeon with light bone structure is not able to win. When examining a dove up not imagine it will automatically have their hands on a winner.
In my opinion, there is absolutely no relationship between bone thickness and the ability to compete. Except where heavy skeletal structure becomes an extra burden on skills difficult.
! Yes, I think so!
feathers. There is no exact number of guidelines that can determine the quality of the feathers. Especially when you want to relate these characteristics to the animal's ability to compete successfully.
All our pigeons prefer soft and bright plumage.
Between the lines I have no problem to identify its brilliant plumage are the Delbar, Fabry, Bricoux, Van Bruanne, etc. By contrast, pigeons Devriendt, Cattrysse and virtually indestructible Stichelbauts have a rich plumage. Again
is Piet De Weerd who offers an accurate description: "First we had the impression that these birds had a poor plumage but after careful inspection we had to correct our view. These pigeons were made of feathers "to test everything."
kind of appearance we expect from the champion pigeons? It is a soft, thick plumage an important requirement in these animals? NO WAY!. It's important but not essential.
Somewhere I read that when they feel dry feathers is due to a problem in the digestive tract and secondarily by a diet low in protein and minerals during molting. It is my opinion
dry plumage found in certain families. And we know that is a matter of inheritance. I can try this because I have different lines in my loft with a line that has feathers dry while another has a special feather (remember we're talking about the same loft and same management).
It has happened more than once that the birds with plumage poor compete much better than having a perfect plumage. The only reason I mention it because they think there is correlation between the type of feathers and the ability to win. We all love
pigeons with silky plumage. From a practical standpoint however, the plumage is a complement or power does not improve the competitive capacity of the pigeon.
The silky feeling on the pen has to do with a generous amount "Casper." This scaling helps to stay waterproof pen in the rain. In most cases, however, we can conclude that the birds with extra thick plumage, especially at the end of the tail, are a little slow.
At home I tried to judge the quality of the feathers in a different way: I allow the birds to bathe and then watch them dry faster: THESE ARE THE BEST PLUMAGE but insist this has nothing to do with the results that may obtain, many other factors have a bigger role.
