Paramyxovirus The avian virus Paramixovirosis is presented in nine ways, from the APMV 1-9.
Of these, the APMV 1 is called Newcastle disease. This APMV has been divided into eight classes: A, B, C, D, E, F, Pigeon, X. Initially
APMV1-Pigeon was affecting our birds, although several cases of Paramyxovirus infection in pigeons, with categories A, B, C, D, E. It has also been detected in quail PIGEON mode or chickens.
Whereupon the immunity of our pigeons will always be in danger, although vaccinated, because, as can happen with humans, eg flu, it can attack our colony a different type of virus PIGEON the class, in which case we will not have specific immunity against the same, only the immunity of our pigeons. HISTORY
appeared in 1926 on the island of Java, a disease caused by a virus affecting poultry causing numerous losses. In the fall of that year a ship carrying the disease to the English city of Newcastle, which is described by Doyle.
Dobons in 1952 reported worldwide dissemination of this Pathology. first it was thought, by the similarity between the symptoms that this disease was avian influenza.
In 1950 it is clear that Newcastle disease or pest Avian influenza is a viral atypical, independent, therefore, the classical fowl plague.
to 1,970 pigeons are considered naturally resisted this disease. However, since 1980 is described in many lofts and most European countries (Spain, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, UK, etc), a new disease, which finally recognized just as Newcastle disease or paramixovirosis.
In 1987, the Belgian Veterinarian Dr. Guy Brasseur paramixovirosis writes about: "This is an evolving disease. The virus adapts to all places, multiply and spread easily harmful as a cloud around the planet ... The coming years will not improve and the only way to stop the virus will be the total and regular vaccination of each colony. "
Although it seems reasonable to adopt a tone so catastrophic, it, would be justified if they get to educate the amateur this disease, being of viral origin, can only be controlled by vaccines preventing their occurrence.
Causal treatment (ie to attack the direct cause of the disease) does not exist, and even many countries prohibit its symptomatic treatment, and so all it does is promote the spread of this serious disease.
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
transmission is established by direct contact with sick birds, from eye secretions, respiratory and digestive tracts, feces and urine. It is important to consider the possibility that infected birds may not show signs of disease (inapparent or subclinical infection), although to be carriers of the virus spreading, infecting other individuals. There is a contagion
indirect, through the remains of feathers, food and water, litter or contaminated air. Being a highly resistant virus to the environment, it should establish strict hygiene measures in pigeon house to prevent contagion indirectly.
The entry into the loft of wild birds, as well as people from pigeon higiosanitarias whose conditions are not guaranteed, could provide another source of contamination. Pathogenesis and symptomatology
The virus contact with cells of the conjunctival mucosa and oral and nasal mucosa (after entering through natural) where they multiply. Three days after the entry of the virus in birds, they can eliminate infectious secretions to the outside. Initially
will be seen after an incubation period variable, loss of appetite, fever (44 0C), apathy, conjunctival swelling accompanied by epiphora (tearing), sore mouth and throat with mucus oozing viscous, and dyspnea (breathing difficulty) with emission of wheezing breath sounds. Respiratory
This phase is usually negligible in pigeons and may go unnoticed.
In a more advanced stage of illness the virus enters the bloodstream, spreading throughout the body. However, the virus expresses a preference for digestive and nervous systems, where they multiply rapidly producing a watery diarrhea that is the source of a marked cachexia in patients, and all kinds of nervous disorders: uncertain or tumbling gait, stiff neck with a twist of the neck sometimes up to 180 degrees, limb paralysis, seizures, etc.
Some veterinarians also described discoloration of the iris. In acute cases the disease can end the life of the bird in 2-4 days, mortality was 90 to 100%. In cases where death occurs treble at times, appear dead from one day to other apparently healthy individuals. In severe cases nerve disorders predominate although not usually lead to death, persist as sequelae irretrievable ruin the career Sports of the birds sick.
nervous disorders are very characteristic: - head tremors torticollis: inverted head-paralysis: a wing of the two (the bird can not climb to the nest) and / or legs, balance disorders: step hesitant, tendency to fall backward or sideways, impaired vision: the birds they bite the side of the grain, ie that have no perspective.
can give some less typical forms of the disease: sudden onset of nervous disorders without diarrhea after the occurrence of diarrhea or no symptoms nervous. This can happen when the birds have been vaccinated ago long. In that case, the degree of resistance (immunity) has been diminishing over time and became too weak to prevent the virus from the intestine muítíplique. However, it still has sufficient strength to prevent transmission through blood and brain. TREATMENT
Like a virus it is, there is no cure for it, if ever give any treatment to prevent the spread of other diseases due to low immunity of the individual once the virus is attacked.
Regarding vaccination should be vaccinated animals after 45 days, when the immune system pigeon is already developed, only if very high risk, should not be vaccinated before that age pigeon.
For vaccines to be supplied, the suggested vaccination schedule is as follows: - A first oral vaccine with live virus based on the Hitchner B1 strain at 6 weeks old .- Two weeks after a vaccine I remember with live virus, strain La Sota, in the water. 1000 doses in 2 liters of water. Always remember that the vaccine in the water should be consumed as more than two hours after being served, so it is recommended administrator after lunch and after a period of withdrawal of water in our pigeons in an hour or two hours in summer winter .- Third, for adult birds and chicks to 16 weeks of age, inactivated vaccine administered, subcutaneously, at a rate of 0.20 ml. By dove on the neck and head away from the animal.Es very important not to lose effectiveness of our vaccines: - Do not ever break the cold chain .- Use all the vaccine once open and discard the rest. - Do not use vaccines for chickens or other animals, as diluents used can cause abscesses in our animals, removal difficult or impossible to use .- No vaccines for other diseases combined. For example, the use of a combined vaccine with the Diphtheria-pox, can cause a less effective vaccine against Paramixovirosis. This is because the body in the presence of two agents "bullies" will mobilize its antigens first to the agent more "aggressive" in this case the smallpox virus and can not develop the desired immunity to the virus more dangerous for us, Paramixovirus.Con This vaccine not only get the external immunity provides the inoculation of inactivated virus, but live virus administration favors the development of cellular immunity of our pigeons, which could better withstand an attack from other types of virus, being more rapid immobilization and phagocytosis of it. Eye
never vaccinate sick animals, we get that few defenses that are the animal will fight the virus is inoculated and checked the body against agresor.En agent regarding vaccination is repeated annually with inactivated virus. Travel
The adults have the vaccine at least one month before the competition and playing a month before apareamiento.Antes vaccination of our birds we must make a treatment of "cleansing" of parasites that our birds may have, especially Trichomonas , Coccidia, Salmonella and Vermes.Una time we caught the disease, we hydrate our pigeons, SueroOral to provide electrolytes and water as well as probiotics, to promote animal's struggle with the disease. Have to give them a supplement of vitamins (A, B or C according to the clinical picture) and essential amino acids.
is recommended that if the animals reach the stage nervous, sacrifice, and the phase of diarrhea, isolate sick animals and their droppings have a lot of pollutants, a breeding ground for disease to spread throughout the colony
The dove if it does not nervous symptoms and can be isolated, can heal and be restored, but if it's nervous, his ability to steer will be played seriously, although some authors think otherwise. It is the experience and consultations made to veterinary and epidemiological laboratories concluded that the orientation is damaged so it is better to kill the animals if they become nervous phase. May 2 or three months after being fully restored, but the return of a difficult journey or observe competition, most likely, imbalances or wobbles "strangers." Something has been wrong with our bird.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE TWO TYPES OF VACCINATION
inactivated vaccine containing killed virus, its use is not as dangerous from the point of disease control (transmission of infection). But attachment is supported oily evil the dove, if not using a suitable vaccine for pigeons, and vaccinated with vaccines for chickens or other animals. Subcutaneous injection is painful, a dove in a thousand may die of shock and this percentage may increase with segundavacunación, can form a pellet that can compress the esophagus or trachea. Finally, the stress of vaccination can reactivate the herpes virus responsible for the coryza which most palorñas are latent carriers. Yes
inactivated vaccine is injected into the pectoral muscle, causing the destruction of muscle fibers in the injection site and, therefore, serious injury.
Vaccination using live virus provides rapid protection (after 4 to 5 days). But the strain La Sota and B1 is a virus lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease and may retain pathogenicity potential.
Indeed, recall that a pigeon vaccinated with live strain actually corresponds to that pigeon inject a very low pathogenic strain PMV1.
addition, vaccination by live virus is not as easy as it might seem at first glance, once prepared, the vaccine must be used within a period not exceeding two hours and the vaccination must be respected scrupulously. Pigeons should be vaccinated through nasal and eye drops. The administration of the vaccine in the drinking water gives random results. This mode of vaccination is collective and can not be sure that every pigeon has received enough virus.
RESPONSIVENESS IN MAN
The man responds to infection with conjunctivitis. Therefore, the fancier, when handling sick animals or live vaccine, has to avoid putting their fingers in the eyes or receiving projections in the eye.
The fancier must also prohibit all visitors to their lofts and allowed to enter the same new subjects (pigeons purchased or loaned for reproduction) must be observed strictly quarantine measures for new animals.
If you declare the disease in the colony, the fancier must immediately place the sick pigeons in a loft apart. Each day will begin by engaging in healthy pigeons to finish the loft of the patients.
will need to wash hands, change boots and mono to a loft to another. These measures are annoying, but key! Thomas Carrillo
Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
